Hi Raggedy_Ann,
It may also help to read up on the
Highly Sensitive Child. Looking back, I realize my son has a sensitive genotype. Researchers refer to these kids as "orchids," different in temperament than "dandelions," who are more emotionally resilient. I had to drastically change my parenting strategies in order to support my son. Lesson 5 to the right has a lot of good material on Raising Emotionally Resilient Kids, and I agree with LilMe, read everything you can about validation. It turned things around for my son and I'm in the process of trying to teach him how to advocate for himself. He is so sensitive to stimuli, and I worried that being sensitive would make things worse for him, so tried (and failed) to get him to be tougher. Instead, I've had to learn to validate how he feels and it has been profound the change in him. He used to feel small scratches like they were major gashes of epic proportions, and I now validate that to him, he really does feel that way. He's also very triggered by sounds that other people don't even notice, like the sounds of people eating or crinkly wrappers. There are some theories that Highly Sensitive People can develop BPD because their intensely felt emotions are so invalidated by the other 80 percent of the population that aren't as sensitive to the same environment.
It takes a lot of patience. For example, when your 4 year old is yelling "I hate you," your response might be, "You must feel so angry right now. Did something happen to make you feel upset?"
I also encourage you to read Dr. Craig Childress's work on child rearing kids because it's much more attuned to sensitive kids. Many of us were raised according to behavioral development theories like time outs and punishing bad behavior, and Childress demonstrates how these parenting approaches can worsen the very behavior they're intended to correct. Perhaps behaviorism works with "dandelions," but they are toxic to an "orchid."