Seeing the family dynamic explains a lot!
I’ve socialized a number of feral cats. Many have been able to become emotionally healthy participants with humans, while others have never been able to fully bridge the gap. It seems there’s a critical time in development where exposure to a larger frame of reference instills trust and confidence.
I often wonder about those children who were emotionally abandoned in Eastern European orphanages a couple of decades ago. I remember people adopting them and bringing them to the US, but having issues due to developmental delays. I guess that’s next on my Google search to see if there are any studies, now that they are adults.
How to teach or demonstrate empathy to an individual who has never been exposed to it, nor sees the value in it?
Here’s an article in the Atlantic about those orphans from Romania:
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/07/can-an-unloved-child-learn-to-love/612253/