Sounds like you are in a tough situation. I'm glad the physical abuse has stopped, but I worry that with him escalating that it could begin again. Please read the information on "Safety First". It's important to have a plan in the event of DV.
These are my questions... .and I welcome whatever perspective you have on any/all of them... .
How do you protect yourself and your own mental state during a partner's episode of rage?
If I can get to correct thigns before he rages, sometimes I try to say, "I have a hard time understanding what you are saying when you yell. Could you please explain that to me again?"
If he begins to rage, I leave the house. I have to. If not, I put myself at risk. It scares me. I have tried many other approaches and none of them worked so I took the step of leaving. I don't leave for long and when he starts to text me I tell him I don't feel safe right now and that I will be home when we have both had time to calm down. Then I stop responding to texts. If he begins to text bomb me, I turn my phone off.
How do you talk to your partner about the incident after he/she has calmed down?
After the sitaution calms down, there is always the chance that it will re-start again so I have to be careful with my words. He is usually through the intial emotion so is more willing to listen. I ask him to "use his words" to explain to me what he was feeling before the explosion. I ask questions to lead him to coming up with answers himself. I apologize for what I actually did do wrong, but will not apologize for what I didn't do wrong. I let him know what hurt my feelings and what scared me (although I'm vague about my fear because I know he will use that again later).
How can I help prevent or deescalate an episode when I know what's causing it but I can do nothing about it, like my partner's homesickness?
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I would say that validating his feelings would be the best thing. He is sad and misses home. Perhaps saying something like, "I'm sure that must feel lonely/sad/you must miss it, etc. I would feel the same too if I was away from my home. Is there anything I can do to help you?" OR "What do you need to help you through this?"